Examining Mullā Sadrā's Use of Al-Ghazali's Views on the Individual Unity of Existence

Document Type : علمی پژوهشی

Authors

• mohammad javad akhgari ¹
• Abbas Jawareshkian ²
• Jahangir Masudi ³

¹ Department of Philosophy ,and Theosophy/ Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies/ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Department of Islamic Philosophy and Theosophy/ Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies/ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

³ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

10.22067/epk.2023.81777.1229

Abstract

Abstract
Examining the opinions of Al-Ghazali and Mullā Sadrā on the issue of individual unity of existence shows that despite the differences in their foundations, they agree on the results. Mullā Sadrā has referred to Al-Ghazali's views on this issue in various positions of his works and has considered Al-Ghazali's viewpoint as supporting the combination of rational and religious methods in this subject. In his analysis, Mullā Sadrā has referred to Al-Ghazali's views in several stages, including: 1. Multiplicity of contingents, according to which believing in the individual unity of existence does not imply denying the existence of contingents; 2. The real existence of God and the metaphorical existence of contingents, according to which the existence of God Almighty and His Face is the only real existence and, others enjoy a metaphorical existence. The main question is, "What uses did Mullā Sadrā make of Al-Ghazali's opinions on the issue of individual unity of existence and what results did he achieve by referring to them?" This article has benefited from the rational and, where needed, scriptural method and has referred to the verses of the Quran. Based on his philosophical foundations and using Al-Ghazali's ideas in this matter, Mullā Sadrā has solved some philosophical and theological problems such as: "proving knowledge for all beings", "explaining the way of the righteous" and "the relation between particular monotheism and the servants' free will"; However, he considered the main purpose of these references to be the compatibility of reason and religion. As a result, the two thinkers' intellectual discourses show close affinities.

Keywords

• individual unity of existence
• particular monotheism
• multiplicity of contingents
• real and metaphorical existence
• Al-Ghazali
• Mullā Sadrā

Main Subjects

• Islamic Philosophy and Kalam

---

References

Treiger، Alexander (2007). “Monism and Monotheism in al-Ghazālī̕ s Mishkāt al-anwār”. Journal of Qur̕ anic Studies. Vol. 9، No. 1، Published by: Edinburgh University Press، pp. 1-27.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transliterated  Bibliography

 

Āshtīyānī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Muqaddamah-yi Si Risālah-yi Falsafī Mulāṣadrā. Qum: Daftar Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, Chāp-i Sivum, 2009/1387.

Āshtīyānī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Naqdī bar Tahāfut al-Falāsifah Ghazzālī. Qum: Bustān-i Kitāb, Chāp-i Duwum, 2009/1387.

Badawī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. “ al-Ghazzālī wa al-Maṣādira al-Yūnānīyya”. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazzālī fī al-Dhikrā al-Miʾawīyah al-Tāsiʿah li-Mīlādih(Mihrajān al-Ghazzālī fī Dimashq). Cairo: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā li-Riʿāya al-Funūn wa al-Ādāb wa al-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿīyah, (1926/1344): 221-237.

Falāḥpūr, Majīd. “Taʾsīrāt Andīshih-hā-yi  Ghazzālī bar Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallihīn Shīrāzī”. Majmūʿah Maqālāt-i Ghazzālīpazhūhī. Bi Ihtimām Sayyid Hidāyat Jalīlī. Tehran: Khānah-yi Kitāb, Chāp-i Awwal, 2011/1389: 387-399.

Farāmarz Qarāmalikī, Aḥad. Ravishshināsī  Muṭāliʻāt Dīnī. Mashhad: Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Chāp Haftum, 2012/1391.

Ghazzālī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Iḥyāʾ ʻUlūm al-Dīn. Beirut: Dar Fikr, Chāp-i Awwal, 1975/1395.

Ghazzālī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Majmūʻah Rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazzālī (1-7). Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyya, s.d.

Ghazzālī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Majmūʻah Rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazzālī. Beirut: Dar Fikr, 2000/1378.

Ghazzālī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Makātīb Fārsī Ghazzālī: Faḍāʾil al-Anām min Rasāʾil Ḥujja al-Islām. ed. ʿAbbās Iqbāl Āshtīyānī, Tehran: Kitābfurūshī Ibn Sīnā, 1955/1333.

Ghazzālī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Miʿyār ʻIlm fī Fan al-Manṭiq. Researched by Dunyā Sulaymān. Miṣr: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1961/1380.

Humāyī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Ghazzālīnāmah. Tehran: Furūghī, 1964/1342.

Humāyī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Muqaddamah bar Naṣīḥa al-Mulūk. Tehran: Silsilih Intishārāt  Anjuman Āsār Mīllī, 1973/1351.

Ḥusaynī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Murtaḍā, Muḥammad ʿAlī Vaṭandūst. “Vaḥdat Vujūd az Nigāh Mulāṣadrā”. Khiradnāmah-yi Ṣadrā, no. 76 (2015/1393): 101-116.

Ibrāhīmī Dīnānī, Ghulām Ḥusayn. Manṭiq va Maʻrifat az Naẓar Ghazzālī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, Chāp-i Duwum, 1997/1375.

Jahāngīrī, Muḥsin. Muqaddamah Kasr al-Aṣnām al-Jāhilīyah. Tehran: Bunyād Hikmat Islāmī Ṣadrā, Chāp-i Awwal, 2003/1381.

Javādī, Muḥsin, Malīyih Maḥmūdī Bayāt. “Muqāysih-yi Taṭbīqī ʻAqlānīyat Bāvar-hā-yi Dīnī az Dīdgāh-i Ghazzālī va Mulāṣadrā”. Āyīn Ḥikmat. Yr. 8 (2017/1395): 65-91.

Kumpānī Zāriʿ, Mahdī. Tarjumah, Taḥlīl  va Naqd Jawāhir al-Qurān Ghazzālī. Tehran: Nigāh Muʿāṣir, Chāp-i Awwal, 2015/1394.

Masʻūdī, Jahāngīr, Muḥammad Javād Akhgarī. “Guftigūy Tavāfuqī ʻAql va Dīn dar si Masʾ alah-yi Ḥaqīqat ʿIlm, Ḥaqīqat ʻIlīyyat va Ḥarkat Jawharī az Dīdgāh-i Mulāṣadrā”. Pazhūhish-hā-yi ʻAqlī Nūvīn. Yr. 5, no. 10 (2021/1399): 29-44.

Muvaḥḥid, Ṣamad. Nigāhī bi Sarchashmah-hā-yi Ḥikmat Ishrāq va Mafhūm-hā-yi Bunyādīn ān. Tehran: Ṭahūrī, 2005/1384.

Naṣr, Sayyid Ḥusayn. Ṣadr al-Mutaʾallihīn Shīrāzī va Ḥikmat Mutaʿāliyah. translated by Ḥusayn Sūzanchī, Tehran: Daftar Nashr va Pazhūhish Suhrivardī, 2004/1382.

Qumayr, Yūḥannā. Falāsifa al-ʿArab: al-Ghazzālī. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, Chāp-i Duwum, 1986/1406.

Qurān-i Karīm. translated by Nāṣir Makārim Shīrāzī. Qum: Dār al-Qurān al-Karīm, Chāp-i Duwum, 1995/1373.

Rāshid, Muḥammad. Vaḥda al-Vujūd min al-Ghazzālī ilā Ibn ʿArabī. Damascus: Ṣafaḥāt li-l-Dirāsa wa al-Nashr, Chāp-i Sivum, 2010/1388.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʻālīya fī al-Asfār al-ʻAqlīya al-Arbaʻa. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth, Chāp-i Sivum, 1981/1401.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Mabdaʾ wa al-Maʻād. Ed. Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Āshtīyānī.  Tehran: Anjuman Ḥikmat va Falsafah-yi Irān, 1976/1354.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbīya fī al-Manāhij al-Sulūkīya. Ed. Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Āshtīyānī, Mashhad: al-Markaz al-Jāmiʿī li-l-Nashr, Chāp-i Duwum, 1982/1360.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Asrār al-Āyāt. Tehran: Ḥikmat, Chāp-i Awwal, 2006/1385.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Īqāẓ al-Nāʾimīn.Tehran: Anjuman Ḥikmat va Falsafah, s.d.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb.  Muqaddamah va ed. , Muḥammad Khwājavī. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Taḥqīqāt-i Farhangī, Chāp-i Awwal, 1985/1363.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Majmūʻah-yi Rasāʾil Falsafī. researched by va Muqaddamah  Gurūh Muṣaḥiḥīn. Tehran: Bunyād Hikmat Islāmī Ṣadrā, Chāp-i Awwal, 2011/1389.

Ṣadr Ḥusaynī, Sayyid ʿAlī Riżā. “Ḥikmat Mutaʿāliyah va Masʾ alah-yi Vaḥdat Vujūd”. Khiradnāmah-yi Ṣadrā. No. 43 (2007/1385): 33-41.

Shākrī Zivārdihī, Rūḥ Allāḥ, Malīyih Maḥmūdī Bayāt. “Tarābuṭ ʿAql va Imān az Dīdgāh-i Ghazzālī va Mulāṣadrā”. Falsafah-yi  Dīn, Durih-yi  11, no. 4, (2014/1393): 691-714.

Sūzanchī, Ḥusayn. “Imkān Vaḥdat Shakhṣī Vujūd dar Ḥikmat Mutaʿāliyah”. Nāmah-yi Ḥikmat, no. 6 (2006/1384): 67-87.

Zarīn kūb, ʻAbd al- Ḥusayn. Farār az Madrasah: Darbārih-yi Zindigī va Andishih-yi Abū Ḥāmid Ghazzālī. Tehran: Silsilih Intishārāt  Anjuman Āsār Mīllī, 1974/1353.

Zikāvatī Qarāgizlū, ʿAlī Rīżā. “Naqd Mulāṣadrā bar Ghazzālī”. Majmūʿah Maqālāt-i Ghazzālīpazhūhī. Bi Ihtimām Sayyid Hidāyat Jalīlī. Tehran: Khānah-yi Kitāb, Chāp-i Awwal, 2011/1389: 217-224.