The Dilemma of Intuitionistic Rationality and the Horizons of Transcendent Theosophy on Happiness: Criticism of Henry Sidgwick's View from Javadi Amoli's Perspective

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Abdullah HosseiniEskandian ¹

Fereshteh Abulhassani Neiaraki ²

¹ P.h.D Candidate of Islamic Theology, Tabriz University

² Associate Professor, University of Mazandaran

10.22067/epk.2026.97175.1505

Abstract

A crucial issue in ethical systems is human happiness. Every ethical system, based on its principles and worldview, holds a specific conception of happiness and how to achieve it. Meanwhile, Sidgwick, believing in rationality and moral intuition, presents happiness as the ultimate goal of ethics and the criterion for evaluating actions. Relying on rational hedonism, he seeks to maximize pleasure for the greatest number of people. However, Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, drawing inspiration from revelatory thought and the legacy of Transcendent Theosophy, views happiness more broadly as the ultimate goal of human life, which is closeness to God. From his perspective, happiness is not merely confined to worldly pleasure and enjoyment but also encompasses human spiritual and moral transcendence. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method with a critical approach to elucidate and analyze the position of happiness within Sidgwick's ethical system, and subsequently critique it from the viewpoint of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli. Sidgwick's perspective, relying solely on reason and intuition without considering divine revelation and guidance, cannot lead humanity to true happiness. The human intellect is limited and fallible, incapable of fully grasping all dimensions of truth on its own. Therefore, to achieve true happiness, we require the guidance of revelation and adherence to divine commands.

Keywords

Sidgwick

Intuitive Utilitarianism

Ayatollah Javadi Amoli

Happiness

Intuition

Subjects

• Islamic Philosophy and Kalam

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