Essays in Philosophy and Kalam

Essays in Philosophy and Kalam

A Reinterpretation of the Concept of the Perfect Human through an Analysis of the Aspects of Justice in His Ontological Grades according to Ṣadrian Philosophy

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Amir Rastin Toroghi 1
Fardin Jamshidi Mehr 2
1 Assistant professor, Islamic Philosophy, Islamic Theology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Theology, Faculty of Humanities & Physical Education, Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan, Iran
10.22067/epk.2025.91503.1402
Abstract
In order to attain perfection, the human being must come to know the Perfect Human (insān kāmil)—the consummate exemplar of the human species. Within mystical and philosophical schools concerned with understanding the nature of man, numerous attributes have been proposed to describe this perfect being, each revealing some aspect of his ultimate reality. This study seeks to examine the view of Transcendent Theosophy—which regards itself as a demonstrative form of mysticism—on this subject, through library-based research and methods of textual interpretation, philosophical reasoning, and analytical reflection. The investigation focuses on the concept of justice, since justice is a universal, well-known, and comprehensive notion, and in Ṣadrian thought, it enjoys several levels and kinds as a graded (mushakkik) reality. Accordingly, this research identifies various dimensions of justice within Mullā Ṣadrā’s system, such as natural justice, ethical and jurisprudential justice, manifestational (ẓuhūrī) justice, and contemplative (shuhūdī) justice. By tracing these aspects and gradations, the study offers a renewed image of justice as embodied in the Perfect Human, thereby contributing to a more profound and precise understanding of his essential reality.
Keywords
Justice
Perfect Human
Mullā Ṣadrā
Moderation
Equilibrium
Subjects

Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

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Essays in Philosophy and Kalam
Volume 57, Issue 2 - Serial Number 115
Autumn & Winter 2026
February 2026
Pages 35-56

  • Receive Date 04 January 2025
  • Revise Date 26 February 2025
  • Accept Date 15 March 2025