The Gradational Relationship between Awakening, Sleep and Death in Ṣadrian Philosophy

Document Type : علمی پژوهشی

Authors

• Abdullah HosseiniEskandian ¹
• Ali Babaei ²
• Mehdi Saadatmand ³

¹ P.h.D Candidate of Islamic Theology, Tabriz University

² Assistance Professor of Tabriz University, Department of Islamic Philosophy and Theology

³ Assistance Professor of Yaza University, Department of Islamic Sciences

10.22067/epk.2023.83053.1255

Abstract

Gradation of existence is one of the most important philosophical principles in the transcendent philosophy of Mullā Ṣadrā, based on which we can answer this question, "what is the relationship between the three phenomena of awaking, sleep and death". This article shows that this relationship is longitudinal and gradational. Therefore, the difference between these states comes back to their commonality, which is: intensity and weakness in the concentration of the human faculties on the outer or inner aspects of the soul and the worlds corresponding to them. Awakening is the result of maximum attention of the soul's forces to the material world and external senses. When this attention weakens and the soul pays attention to the imaginal world, sleep occurs. Finally, with the complete disconnection of the soul from the material world, death –in its common use- occurs. In another sense, however, due to the substantial movement of the soul, death is a constant state that dominates other states. In a deeper view and based on the personal unity of the soul, awakening, sleep, and death are manifestations of the soul, and while maintaining a gradational relationship, they are unified with the soul and with each other.

Keywords

• soul
• awakening
• sleep
• death
• gradation
• unity

Main Subjects

• Islamic Philosophy and Kalam

---

References

Asadī, Muḥammad Riḍā. “Marg az Manẓar Mulāṣadrā”. Faṣlnāmih-yi  Qabasāt Pazhūhishgāh Farhang va Andīshih-yi Islāmī, Durih-yi  12, no. 46 (2008/1386): 25-48.

Āshtīyānī, Jalāl al-Dīn.  Sharḥ bar Zād al-Musāfir. Qum: Būstān-i Kitāb, 2003/1381.

Bābāʾī, ʻAlī. Sigānih-hā-yi ʻĀlam Maʿrifat. Ardabīl: Mohaghegh Ardabili University, 2020/1398.

Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. Kitāb al-ʻAyn. researched by Maḥdī Makhzūmī va Ibrāḥīm  Sāmarrāʾ ī. Qum: Dār al-Hijrat, 1989/1409.

Ghazzālī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Maqāṣid al-Falāsifah. researched by Dunyā Sulaymān. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1961/1380.

Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1956/1375.

Ibn Sīnā, Ḥusayn ibn ʻAbd Allāh. al-Shifāʾ; al-Ṭabīʾiyāt. Ed. Ibrāḥīm Madkūr va researched by Saʿīd Zāyid. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi ʿUmumī Āyat Allāh Marʻashī Najafī, 1985/1405.

Khādimī, ʻAyn Allāh et al.  “Muvājihah-yi Falsafī va ʿIrfānī Mulāṣadrā bā Masʾalah-yi Marg”. Faṣlnāmih-yi Ḥikmat Muʿāṣir Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm-i Insānī va Muṭāliʿāt-i Farhangī, Durih-yi  9, no. 1 (2019/1397): 47-62.

Khusrūpanāh, ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn, Ḥasan Panāhī Āzād. Niẓām Maʿrifatshināsī Ṣadrāʾī.  Tehran: Sāzimān-i Intishārāt-i Pazhūhishgāh Farhang va Andīshih-yi Islāmī, Chāp-i Awwal, 2010/1388.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʻa li-Durar Akhbār al-Aʾimma al-Aṭhār. Tehran: Ialāmīyya, s.d.

Muṣṭafavī, Ḥasan. al-Taḥqīq fī Kalamāt al-Qurān al-Karīm. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Āsār al-ʿAllāmah al-Muṣṭafavī, 2007/1385.

Qurān-i Karīm.

Rāghib Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn  ibn Muḥammad. al-Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qurān. ed. Ṣafwān ʻAdnān Dāwūdī. Beirut:  Dār al-Shāmīyih. 1992/1412.

Saʻādatmand,  Mahdī, ʻAlī Bābāʾī. “Nisbar Qāʿidih-yi “Basīṭ al-Ḥaqīqah” va “Kul al-Quvā” Būdan Nafs dar Ḥikmat Ṣadrāʾī”. Faṣlnāmih-yi Andīshih-yi Dīnī Shiraz university, no. 72 (autumn 2020/1398): 43-60.

Sabzavārī, Hādī ibn Mahdī. Sharḥ al-Manẓūmah. Taṣḥīḥ va Taʿlīq az Āyat Allāh Ḥasanzādih Āmulī va researched by Masʿūd Ṭālibī, Tehran: Nāb, 1991/1369.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm.  al-Mashāʿir. Tarjamah va Sharḥ Imām Qulī ibn Muḥammad ʻAlī ʻImād al-Dawlah. Tehran: Ṭahūrī. Chāp Duwum, 1984/1363.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʻālīya fī al-Asfār al-ʻAqlīya al-Arbaʻa. bi Taʿlīq ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī, Chāp-i Sivum, 1981/1401.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Mabdaʾ wa al-Maʻād. Tehran: Anjuman Ḥikmat va Falsafah-yi Irān, 1976/1354.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Maẓāhir al-Ilāhīyah fī Asrār al-ʿUlūm al-Kamālīyah. Bi Taṣḥīḥ va Taʿlīq Sayyid Muḥammad Khāminah-ī. Tehran: Bunyād Hikmat Islāmī Ṣadrā, 2000/1378.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbīyah fī Manāhij al-Sulūkīyah. Bā Ḥawāshī Hādī ibn Mahdī Sabzavārī,  Taʿlīq va Taṣḥīḥ va Muqaddamah az Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Āshtīyānī. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, Chāp Duwum, 1982/1360.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Asrār al-Āyāt wa Anwār al-Bayyināt. Muqaddamah va Taṣḥīḥ Muḥammad Khvājavī. Tehran: Anjuman Ḥikmat va Falsafah-yi Ialāmī, 1982/1360.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Bi Hamrāh Taʿlīqāt Mūlā ʻAlī Nūrī, Taṣḥīḥ va Muqaddamah-yi Muḥammad Khvājavī. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Muṭāliʿāt  va Taḥqīqāt Farhangī, 1984/1363.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Sharḥ al-Hidāya al-Athīrīya. Beirut: Mūʾassisa al-Tārīkh al-ʻArabī, 2001/1422.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Sharḥ Uṣūl al-Kāfī. Ed. Muḥammad Khvājavī, Taḥshīyih ʻAlī ibn Jamshīd Nūrī. Tehran: Vizārat Farhan va Āmūzish ʿĀlī Mūʾassisah-yi Muṭāliʿāt  va Taḥqīqāt Farhangī, 1988/1366.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Tafsīr al-Qurān al-Karīm. Qum: Bīdār, Chāp Duwum, 1988/1366.

Shahrazūrī, Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd. al-Shajarah al-Ilāhīya fī ʻUlūm al-Ḥaqāʾiq al-Rabbānīya. Ed. Najaf Qulī Ḥabībī. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Pazhūhishī Ḥikmat va Falsafah-yi Irān, 2005/1383.

Shāyistih, Riyḥānih, Muḥammad Kāẓim ʻIlmī Sūlā, Sayyid Murtaḍā Ḥusaynī Shāhrūdī. “Taʾwīl Ravānshināsānih-yi Andīshih-yi Mulāṣadrā dar Masʾalah-yi Khvāb va Barrisī Mabānī Falsafī ān”, Dūfaṣlnānah-yi Falsafah University of Tehran,  Durih-yi 47, no. 2 (1978/1398.): 75-87.

Suhravardī, Yaḥyā ibn Ḥabash. Majmūʻah-yi Muṣannifāt Shaykh Ishrāq; Kitāb al-Talwīḥāt. Ed. Henry Corbin, Sayyid Ḥusayn Naṣr, Najaf Qulī Ḥabībī. Tehran:  Mūʾassisah-yi Muṭāliʿāt va Taḥqīqāt Farhangī, 1994/1372.

Sūzanchī, Ḥusayn. “Imkān Vaḥdat Shakhṣīyih-yi Vujūd dar Ḥikmat Mutaʿāliyah”. Pazhūhishnāmah-yi Falsafah-yi Dīn (Nāmah-yi Ḥikmat) Imam Sadiq University, Durih-yi 3, no. 2 (2006/1384): 67-87.

Taftāzānī, Masʿūd  ibn ʻUmar. Mukhtaṣar al- Maʻānī. Qum: Dar al-Fikr, s.d.

Tavakulī, Najmah al-Sādāt, Muḥammad Riḍā Ḥusaynī Shāhrūdī. “Zū Marātib Būdan Marg va Taʾthīr-i  ān dar Takāmul Nafs dar Ḥikmat Mutaʿāliyah”. Faṣlnāmih-yi Āyīn Ḥikmat Bāqir  al-ʻUlum University, Durih-yi  10, no. 37 (2019/1397): 35-60.

ʻUbūdīyat, ʻAbd al-Rasūl. Dar Āmadī bi Niẓām Ḥikmat Ṣadrāʾī. Tehran: Samt, 2012/1390.